I'm having trouble getting this Muse Video up. I hope the link works.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w8KQmps-Sog
Tuesday, December 15, 2009
Class Struggles Still Exsist
The current economic recession in the United States has affected many, but perhaps the most affected and still struggling has been the working class.“One is what one owns,” says Teresa L. Ebert. This simple phrase says a lot about class struggles, especially in today’s society. Society seems to be more focused on wealth as time passes by. People are much more concerned with the latest fashion trends rather than focusing on developing ways of creating jobs for the unemployed. However, class struggles have existed since the times of Kings and Lords as Carl Marx suggest. It is not something of the past and unless some changes are made to the current governmental systems it will not change. The recent economic recession in the U.S. has exposed the large gap between the owners and the working class. Jack London’s novel, The Iron Heel attempts such a change in a warlike revolution. But in the real world perhaps changes need to begin small, but what is important is for the working class to rise up and demand their rights as Charlize Theron’s character did in the film “North Country.” In today’s society the working class continues to struggle. Even though some changes have been made, there is still a long way to go. Workers are being forced to work for less and college students are being forced to pay more for their education.
Jack London’s novel explores the conflict of classes through the character of Ernest Everhard. Ernest Everhard represents the working class, but he is a very smart person who not only uses force for his revolution but manages to get involved with the owner of the Mills and his daughter. During a dinner he observes how the owner and some religious figures discuss the working class. After observing them Ernest is asked to speak and he exclaims “…and let me begin by saying that you are all mistaken. You know nothing, and worse than nothing, about the working class. Your sociology is as vicious and worthless as is your method of thinking” (London 13). Through the character of Ernest, Jack London makes a very strong social commentary about the working class and the owners. London’s commentary is still true in today’s society. The owners are not aware of the struggles the working class has. The working class has to face difficult working conditions such as working long hours and without benefits. Even if the owners are aware they choose to ignore it.
In the film North Country, directed by Nikki Caro the main character explores the struggles a common worker has to face in order to obtain their rights. The main character named Josey Aimes is forced to take a job in the mines where her father works. As a single mother it is the only job that allows her to provide for her and her children. However, she faces many obstacles and primarily sexual harassment. The manager of the company warns her not to go to the owner with her complaints telling her that it’s a waste of time. But after several unfortunate incidents she decides to go, but the owner basically threatens to fire her and completely ignores her request. This film inspired by the real life case Jenson v. Eveleth Taconite Company, which helped paved the way for the sexual harrasment laws in favor of the workers that exist now in our legal system.
The owner has no idea the humiliation Josey and her female co-workers go through everyday. After much opposition Josey takes her struggle to the courts. While Josey is the only women brave enough to sue the company, the owner hires a great lawyer to represent the company as Earnest from The Iron Heel would say “The company employs very efficient lawyers…” (London 16). The lawyer attempts to break Josie down by trying to ruin her reputation. However, it is not that Josie doesn’t know how the father of her child but she conceals it because she was raped by her teacher as a young girl. There was only one witness of this attack and the company convinces him to lie and say it was consensual sex, but this turns against them when he changes his mind and confesses he lied and that Josey was raped. After this reveal more women join Josey with their complaints. Josey and her female co-workers win the case and pave the wave for sexual harassment laws to go into effect in many states.
There are still many workers who face deplorable conditions in today’s society. Perhaps not loosing arms like in the Iron Heel or being harassed like Josie. However, many workers today are facing unemployment, their benefits taken away, and their hours shorten. Since the recession many U.S. workers have been forced to work part time instead of full time. As Allison Linn writes in her article,
The nation’s recession is leaving millions of Americans working fewer hours than they would like — and taking home less money than they need — as their employers try desperately to trim costs. That, in turn, is hurting everything from consumer spending to tax revenues, adding to the woes already created by the millions of Americans who are entirely without work, or facing other economic hardship. (Linn 1)
Companies or owners prefer to cut hours from their employees then to lower their own salaries. This situation leaves the working class struggling to make what they can of what they earn. However, instead of protesting this many workers let it go, claiming that is better to be working then not working at all, but this type of thinking only allows the owners to keep doing what they want. Instead of letting it go workers should fight for their rights of having health care even if they only work part time and so on.
Parents have to work two jobs to feed their children and college students are forced to choose between a degree or getting a job in order to survive. Perhaps one of the groups affected by this recession the most has been college students. Many of them have been forced to take on part time jobs. However, fees keep increasing and perhaps they might keep increasing. Recently there were many protest at the University of California Los Angeles because the school was going to increase fees. For many students this fee increase would mean that they would have to put their education on hold and work to pay off their loans. The school post it on their website why a fee increase was approved. It states
The increase (9.3 percent, or $662 for resident undergraduates) is consistent with the fee hike the state expected UC to enact as part of the state budget adopted in February, which left UC with a cumulative state funding shortfall of $450 million. It consists of $115 million in new cuts, $122 million in underfunded enrollments, and $213 million in unfunded mandatory costs for utilities, employee health benefits and other inflationary costs.
The statement claims that because of California budget cuts on education, such fees were needed. The website also claims that this was their last resort. However, it doesn’t state if the chairman’s of the school would have their wages lowered as well. It seems very unfair that students are the ones that have to pay so much in order to get a better education. America is believed to be the land of opportunity, but may are not able to access such opportunities. These students are trying to get ahead in life and obtain degrees, but because of fee increases they will be unable too. California is one of the many states that have cut a lot of money from public education. At the beginning of this year Los Angeles School District approved the layoffs of 2,300 teachers.
Many companies are being forced to cut down several of their employees from full time to part time, while other companies have cut down their benefits. And example of this is the company Bashas, this company runs several supermarkets in Arizona. According to an article on azcentral.com released in October of this year, the company cut benefits from 10,000 part time employees in order to avoid declaring bankruptcy. The company is also doing a number of other things to cut cost, but the most affected are the part time workers who now won’t have health insurance among other benefits.
While the working class struggles to pay for what they need working part time jobs and college students balancing work and school, the rich keep getting rich and the poor poorer. The middle class is near extinction, as Ebert suggests “There is no middle class. The middle class is an ideological illusion used to obscure class binaries and conceal the fact that under capitalism society is breaking up more rigidly into two classes whose opposition cannot be dissolved in the hybrid of a playful in-between-ness.” It’s easier for people to try to think they belong in the middle class, but nonetheless they are still workers. There is no middle class it is only working class and owners. However, this is not only a problem in the U.S. many workers in other countries are facing situations like this or far worst. As globalpost.com reports there are still many children working in sweatshops in China. China is just one of many countries who still have deplorable conditions for their workers. Many of the products they make are shipped to the U.S. It is sad to think that all that we consume is made by people struggling just as we are, instead of accepting this and allowing it to continue workers should come together and demand better conditions and pay for what they do. They are the back and bones of these companies and without them companies would be lost.
The only thing the owners are concerned about is their wealth and expanding their companies as Marx points out “The need of a constantly expanding market for its products chases the bourgeoisie over the entire surface of the globe. It must nestle everywhere, settle everywhere, and establish connections everywhere.” Even if it means exploiting workers in other countries, owners don’t seem to care as long as their companies expand and their pockets are full. The working class is forced to deal with difficulties out of necessity. If they don’t work they don’t eat or provide for their children. There are many people like Josey who would rather “suck it up, and it like a man” then to fight for their rights. Josey was based on a true story and the real life character was able to make a difference. Perhaps more workers should rise up like Josey and fight for their rights no matter what difficulties they might face; it seems a lot better then being humiliated every day, also, having to suffer with a sickness or disease because a part time does not offer health insurance. Owners do not care about their employees, only workers can care about each other and make a difference. The change should begin in the U.S. but expand to other countries like China and help give those workers a voice they don’t have.
Working class struggles may be different but they still exist. As long as the working class allows the owners to continue ignoring their rights, things will not change, but get worst. Workers need to unite and fight for their rights, not with force and violence but with intelligence and using the court system. They need to stand together and unite no matter what the owners throw at them. Workers need to be persistent and patient as Ernest Everhard was in The Iron Heel.
Work Cited
Dir. Caro, Nikki North Country. Perf. Charlize Theron, Frances McDormand, Sissy Spaceck,
Sean Bean, Richard Jenkins. Warner Brothers Pictures Distribution 2005,
Ebert L., Teresa, Daily Lessons on Class. www.webteach.csun.edu./engl312. 11/17/09.
Linn, Allison, “Recession leaves many working less” msnbc.com, msnbc n.d. web Dec 10 , 2009
London, Jack, The Iron Heel. Penguin Books 2006, New York, New York.
Marx, Carl, Manifesto of the Communist Party. www.webteach.csun.edu./engl312.
11/17/2009.
“LAUSD Approves Layoffs of Nearly 2,300 Teachers” cbs2.com. cbs2 n.d. web 14 Dec. 2009
Jack London’s novel explores the conflict of classes through the character of Ernest Everhard. Ernest Everhard represents the working class, but he is a very smart person who not only uses force for his revolution but manages to get involved with the owner of the Mills and his daughter. During a dinner he observes how the owner and some religious figures discuss the working class. After observing them Ernest is asked to speak and he exclaims “…and let me begin by saying that you are all mistaken. You know nothing, and worse than nothing, about the working class. Your sociology is as vicious and worthless as is your method of thinking” (London 13). Through the character of Ernest, Jack London makes a very strong social commentary about the working class and the owners. London’s commentary is still true in today’s society. The owners are not aware of the struggles the working class has. The working class has to face difficult working conditions such as working long hours and without benefits. Even if the owners are aware they choose to ignore it.
In the film North Country, directed by Nikki Caro the main character explores the struggles a common worker has to face in order to obtain their rights. The main character named Josey Aimes is forced to take a job in the mines where her father works. As a single mother it is the only job that allows her to provide for her and her children. However, she faces many obstacles and primarily sexual harassment. The manager of the company warns her not to go to the owner with her complaints telling her that it’s a waste of time. But after several unfortunate incidents she decides to go, but the owner basically threatens to fire her and completely ignores her request. This film inspired by the real life case Jenson v. Eveleth Taconite Company, which helped paved the way for the sexual harrasment laws in favor of the workers that exist now in our legal system.
The owner has no idea the humiliation Josey and her female co-workers go through everyday. After much opposition Josey takes her struggle to the courts. While Josey is the only women brave enough to sue the company, the owner hires a great lawyer to represent the company as Earnest from The Iron Heel would say “The company employs very efficient lawyers…” (London 16). The lawyer attempts to break Josie down by trying to ruin her reputation. However, it is not that Josie doesn’t know how the father of her child but she conceals it because she was raped by her teacher as a young girl. There was only one witness of this attack and the company convinces him to lie and say it was consensual sex, but this turns against them when he changes his mind and confesses he lied and that Josey was raped. After this reveal more women join Josey with their complaints. Josey and her female co-workers win the case and pave the wave for sexual harassment laws to go into effect in many states.
There are still many workers who face deplorable conditions in today’s society. Perhaps not loosing arms like in the Iron Heel or being harassed like Josie. However, many workers today are facing unemployment, their benefits taken away, and their hours shorten. Since the recession many U.S. workers have been forced to work part time instead of full time. As Allison Linn writes in her article,
The nation’s recession is leaving millions of Americans working fewer hours than they would like — and taking home less money than they need — as their employers try desperately to trim costs. That, in turn, is hurting everything from consumer spending to tax revenues, adding to the woes already created by the millions of Americans who are entirely without work, or facing other economic hardship. (Linn 1)
Companies or owners prefer to cut hours from their employees then to lower their own salaries. This situation leaves the working class struggling to make what they can of what they earn. However, instead of protesting this many workers let it go, claiming that is better to be working then not working at all, but this type of thinking only allows the owners to keep doing what they want. Instead of letting it go workers should fight for their rights of having health care even if they only work part time and so on.
Parents have to work two jobs to feed their children and college students are forced to choose between a degree or getting a job in order to survive. Perhaps one of the groups affected by this recession the most has been college students. Many of them have been forced to take on part time jobs. However, fees keep increasing and perhaps they might keep increasing. Recently there were many protest at the University of California Los Angeles because the school was going to increase fees. For many students this fee increase would mean that they would have to put their education on hold and work to pay off their loans. The school post it on their website why a fee increase was approved. It states
The increase (9.3 percent, or $662 for resident undergraduates) is consistent with the fee hike the state expected UC to enact as part of the state budget adopted in February, which left UC with a cumulative state funding shortfall of $450 million. It consists of $115 million in new cuts, $122 million in underfunded enrollments, and $213 million in unfunded mandatory costs for utilities, employee health benefits and other inflationary costs.
The statement claims that because of California budget cuts on education, such fees were needed. The website also claims that this was their last resort. However, it doesn’t state if the chairman’s of the school would have their wages lowered as well. It seems very unfair that students are the ones that have to pay so much in order to get a better education. America is believed to be the land of opportunity, but may are not able to access such opportunities. These students are trying to get ahead in life and obtain degrees, but because of fee increases they will be unable too. California is one of the many states that have cut a lot of money from public education. At the beginning of this year Los Angeles School District approved the layoffs of 2,300 teachers.
Many companies are being forced to cut down several of their employees from full time to part time, while other companies have cut down their benefits. And example of this is the company Bashas, this company runs several supermarkets in Arizona. According to an article on azcentral.com released in October of this year, the company cut benefits from 10,000 part time employees in order to avoid declaring bankruptcy. The company is also doing a number of other things to cut cost, but the most affected are the part time workers who now won’t have health insurance among other benefits.
While the working class struggles to pay for what they need working part time jobs and college students balancing work and school, the rich keep getting rich and the poor poorer. The middle class is near extinction, as Ebert suggests “There is no middle class. The middle class is an ideological illusion used to obscure class binaries and conceal the fact that under capitalism society is breaking up more rigidly into two classes whose opposition cannot be dissolved in the hybrid of a playful in-between-ness.” It’s easier for people to try to think they belong in the middle class, but nonetheless they are still workers. There is no middle class it is only working class and owners. However, this is not only a problem in the U.S. many workers in other countries are facing situations like this or far worst. As globalpost.com reports there are still many children working in sweatshops in China. China is just one of many countries who still have deplorable conditions for their workers. Many of the products they make are shipped to the U.S. It is sad to think that all that we consume is made by people struggling just as we are, instead of accepting this and allowing it to continue workers should come together and demand better conditions and pay for what they do. They are the back and bones of these companies and without them companies would be lost.
The only thing the owners are concerned about is their wealth and expanding their companies as Marx points out “The need of a constantly expanding market for its products chases the bourgeoisie over the entire surface of the globe. It must nestle everywhere, settle everywhere, and establish connections everywhere.” Even if it means exploiting workers in other countries, owners don’t seem to care as long as their companies expand and their pockets are full. The working class is forced to deal with difficulties out of necessity. If they don’t work they don’t eat or provide for their children. There are many people like Josey who would rather “suck it up, and it like a man” then to fight for their rights. Josey was based on a true story and the real life character was able to make a difference. Perhaps more workers should rise up like Josey and fight for their rights no matter what difficulties they might face; it seems a lot better then being humiliated every day, also, having to suffer with a sickness or disease because a part time does not offer health insurance. Owners do not care about their employees, only workers can care about each other and make a difference. The change should begin in the U.S. but expand to other countries like China and help give those workers a voice they don’t have.
Working class struggles may be different but they still exist. As long as the working class allows the owners to continue ignoring their rights, things will not change, but get worst. Workers need to unite and fight for their rights, not with force and violence but with intelligence and using the court system. They need to stand together and unite no matter what the owners throw at them. Workers need to be persistent and patient as Ernest Everhard was in The Iron Heel.
Work Cited
Dir. Caro, Nikki North Country. Perf. Charlize Theron, Frances McDormand, Sissy Spaceck,
Sean Bean, Richard Jenkins. Warner Brothers Pictures Distribution 2005,
Ebert L., Teresa, Daily Lessons on Class. www.webteach.csun.edu./engl312. 11/17/09.
Linn, Allison, “Recession leaves many working less” msnbc.com, msnbc n.d. web Dec 10 , 2009
London, Jack, The Iron Heel. Penguin Books 2006, New York, New York.
Marx, Carl, Manifesto of the Communist Party. www.webteach.csun.edu./engl312.
11/17/2009.
“LAUSD Approves Layoffs of Nearly 2,300 Teachers” cbs2.com. cbs2 n.d. web 14 Dec. 2009
Thursday, December 10, 2009
Utopia
Beside being very long, this article was very interesting. There are
some things that I agreed with and some I disagreed. The dictionary
does define Utopia as imaginary. I agree with Jameson that it is
something that deosn't exist. However, I believe that it will be
attainable, but if I am permited to say not by any human effort. The
Bible talks about the Millenium Reign, which is the restoration of Earth,
were God will be in control and everything will be perfect. To some this
idea migth be ubserd, but if believe it for the sake of argument, it is
possible. Perhaps a Utopia is a dream or possibilty for the future.
I think that is interesting how Jameson is trying to give Utopia a
different meaning and look, but the reality is that most people view it
as something political. I definately believe that people are too selfish
and self centered to put their pleasures aside and fight for a better
government. As Jameson points out addictiveness and sexuality can
hold societies back, however, I disagree with him because I belive they
are problems that have been around for many years, even before
modern civilization. There has always been this misunderstandings
about sexuality.
Aside from any beliefs, history has taught us that it is impossible
to reach a Utopia society. There are too many oppositions to it such
as, selfishness. Perhaps education can lead us close to it, but as long
as people are oppressed and hel back it is difficult to see any kind of
Utopia.
Friday, December 4, 2009
Benjamin and Adorno "The Cultural Industry"
"The Public is an examiner, but an absent minded one," this phrase
really stood out to me because I feel that a lot of people are becoming this way. Many times we may watch a film or program that is trying to promote some sort of social change and we dont seem to react to it, or simply not care.
Unlike Benjamin's article, I feel that Adorno goes straight to the problem of the mass media today. Most companies are only concern with ratings and money that the quality of the work is not great. Production companies are also giving people what they "want"in order to stay in power. For example, many television shows are canceled very quickly, even if they are shows that require more thinkiing or analysis. We can see the same happening with the film industry. There are a lot more action, comedy, and horror films made everyday then anything else. I don't feel that making these films is wrong, but there is so much
of it out there that it doesn't leave room for provacative films and independent films.
As Benjamin's article points out there are films out there that do call for social change, but they dont get the enough attention by the promoters or the public. There really isn't much uniqueness in the entertianment world today. As Adorno points out "they fall victims of uniformity." I do feel that there should be a balance between the films that get made and put out for the public.
Fahrenheit 451
"Do you ever read any of the books you burn?...Thats againts the law"
(p 8)
This is a quote that really stuck with me through out the whole
novel. At first it seamed ubsurd that anyone would read books. But
seeing how our society is leads one to think that this is not too far
away from possible. We already have books that are banned in some
schools, but I think that what the novel deals with is much greater than
that. The best way to control a subject is to have the subject not only
physically but mentally under control. A lot of what we read today is
already chosen for us. Even certain newspapers have an agenda and
people dont always get the real stories or true stories for that matter.
It has been said that "Knowledge is power," by riding people of that
knowledge then they will have no other choice but too confirm to what
the knowledgable people demand. It also seems that in the novel
people are kept busy, so that they dont question anything or have time
for it. I belive we have discuss this in class before and I beleive that it is
true more and more Americans are forced to be "busy" and there is
less time for thinking and relaxing.
One last thing that I really enjoyed about the novel was the language.
Starting on page 7 "The autum leaves blew over the moonlit..." to page
8 the language is so rich and poetic. It is sad to think that perhaps one
day these beautiful phrases can be lost and exist only in the past.
Here is a link that shows that we are not so far away from this.
http://cosmos.bcst.yahoo.com/up/player/popup/index.phpcl=16066248
Iron Heel Group Response
In the past I’ve worked in groups before and I must say this has been the most pleasant. Most of the team members were well organized and had great innovative ideas. Everyone had a specific role and task to do, in this manner the work was well distributed so that one person would not be stuck doing all the work. I was very impressed when our team came up with the idea of making the presentation into a game. That is something that is very different and I had never seen before. I was very impressed by the high level of maturity from my teammates and that they were very focuses.
Out of all the books we read in class this was my favorite because it was very different because it seems to support socialism but at the same time it had a lot of poetic language that didn’t make the reading overbearing. I’m very glad I chose this book to present on. My teammates were very courteous and there were no problems. We all helped each other and gave each other constructive criticism when we shared our questions for the game. The group was very well focused so our meetings were not stressful, but we met and got the job done quickly and effectively. I learned a lot from my teammates especially their ideas and perspectives on the readings, but most of all that if teammates cooperate it can be a very rewarding experience to do group work.
North Country, Marx, and Iron Heel
“One is what one owns,” are the words of Teresa L. Ebert. This simple phrase says a lot about class struggles, especially in today’s society. Society seems to be more focused on wealth as time passes by. However, class struggles have existed since the times of Kings and Lords as Carl Marx suggest. It is not something of the past and unless some changes are made to the current governmental systems it will not change. Jack London’s novel, The Iron Heel attempts such a change in a warlike revolution. But in the real world perhaps changes need to begin small, but what is important is for the working class to rise up and demand their rights as Charlize Theron’s character did in the film “North Country.”
Jack London’s novel explores the conflict of classes through the character of Ernest. Ernest represents the working class, but he is a very smart person who not only uses force for his revolution but manages to get involved with the owner of the Mills and his daughter. During a dinner he observes how the owner and some religious figures discuss the working class. After observing them Ernest is asked to speak and he exclaims “…and let me begin by saying that you are all mistaken. You know nothing, and worse than nothing, about the working class. Your sociology is as vicious and worthless as is your method of thinking” (London 13). Through the character of Ernest, Jack London makes a very strong social commentary about the working class and the owners. London’s commentary is still true in today’s society. The owners are not aware of the struggles the working class has. The working class has to face difficult working conditions such as working long hours and without benefits. Even if the owners are aware they choose to ignore it.
In the film “North Country,” directed by Nikki Caro the main character explores the struggles a common worker has to face in order to obtain their rights. The main character named Josey Aimes is forced to take a job in the mines where her father works. As a single mother it is the only job that allows her to provide for her and her children. However, she faces many obstacles and primarily sexual harassment. The manager of the company warns her not to go to the owner with her complaints telling her that it’s a waste of time. But after several unfortunate incidents she decides to go, but the owner basically threatens to fire her and completely ignores her request.
The owner has no idea the humiliation Josey and her female co-workers go through everyday. After much opposition Josey takes her struggle to the courts. While Josey is the only women brave enough to sue the company, the owner hires a great lawyer to represent the company as Earnest from The Iron Heel would say “The company employs very efficient lawyers…” (London 16). The lawyer attempts to break Josie down by trying to ruin her reputation. However, it is not that Josie doesn’t know how the father of her child but she conceals it because she was raped by her teacher as a young girl. There was only one witness of this attack and the company convinces him to lie and say it was consensual sex, but this turns against them when he changes his mind and confesses he lied and that Josey was raped. After this reveal more women join Josey with their complaints. Josey and her female co-workers win the case and pave the wave for sexual harassment laws to go into effect in many states.
There are still many workers who face deplorable conditions in today’s society. Perhaps not loosing arms like in the Iron Heel or being harassed like Josie. However, many workers today are facing unemployment, their benefits taken away, and their hours shorten. Parents have to work two jobs to feed their children and college students are forced to choose between a degree or getting a job in order to survive. The rich keep getting rich and the poor poorer. The middle class is near extinction, as Ebert suggests “There is no middle class. The middle class is an ideological illusion used to obscure class binaries and conceal the fact that under capitalism society is breaking up more rigidly into two classes whose opposition cannot be dissolved in the hybrid of a playful in-between-ness.”
The only thing the owners are concerned about is their wealth and expanding their companies as Marx points out “The need of a constantly expanding market for its products chases the bourgeoisie over the entire surface of the globe. It must nestle everywhere, settle everywhere, establish connections everywhere.” Even if it means exploiting workers in other countries, owners don’t seem to care as long as their companies expand and their pockets are full. The working class is forced to deal with difficulties out of necessity. If they don’t work they don’t eat or provide for their children. There are many people like Josey who would rather “suck it up, and it like a man” then to fight for their rights. Josey was based on a true story and the real life character was able to make a difference. Perhaps more workers should rise up like Josey and fight for their rights no matter what difficulties they might face, it seems a lot better then being humiliated every day.
Working class struggles may be different but they still exist. As long as the working class allows the owners to continue ignoring their rights, things will not change, but get worst. Workers need to unite and fight for their rights, not with force and violence but with intelligence and using the court system.
Work Cited
Dir. Caro, Nikki North Country. Perf. Charlize Theron, Frances McDormand, Sissy Spaceck,
Sean Bean, Richard Jenkins. Warner Brothers Pictures Distribution 2005,
Ebert L., Teresa, Daily Lessons on Class. www.webteach.csun.edu./engl312. Accessed 11/17/09.
London, Jack, The Iron Heel. Penguin Books 2006, New York, New York.
Marx, Carl, Manifesto of the Communist Party. www.webteach.csun.edu./engl312. Accessed
11/17/2009.
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